Materials exhibit significant creep behavior at temperatures above 40% of their absolute melt temperature. Lead, tin and their alloys are such materials which experience significant creep behavior in room temperature. One of the most important applications of the tin-lead alloys is soldering electronic circuits in electronic industry, and for lead are isolation walls and wet batteries. Room temperature for lead is about 50% and for tin 70%-lead 30% is about 63% of their absolute melting temperature, and considering creep damage during their structural design is of prime importance. In this paper, creep and creep rupture data of these two materials are investigated experimentally. Diagrams obtained from experiment in the applied form, are presented for the application in computer simulation and forecasting connections life cycle. Creep rupture diagrams in the form of time hardening in the creep primary stage are presented to give strain-time relation and Larson-miller and Monkam-Grant parameters. The steady state creep rate relation for both materials in terms of stress function is also provided.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Objective: we report a case of intraperitoneal urinary bladder rupture I week following normal delivery in a primigravida, who presented with huge urinary ascites, anuria and renal failure. Abdominal paracentesis and exploratory laparotomy was done and a diagnosis of intraperitoneal bladder rupture was made. The rent was repaired in layers. This may be preventable if adequate precaution in the form of evacuating the bladder before the patient goes into second stage of labor is undertaken.

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job characteristics-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job characteristics and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job characteristics and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job characteristics (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job characteristics (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job characteristics discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.

Modular charging is an advanced technique designed to meet the requirements of auto-loading artillery, whereby granular propellants are stored within modular cartridges that are loaded into the gun chamber. This study employed an extended coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) approach to investigate the gas-particle flow within modular charges. After model validation, we analyzed the distribution characteristics, velocity, coordination number, and orientation of cylindrical pellets in a simulator chamber. Four different loading positions for modular cartridges were examined to assess their impact on particle distribution. Numerical simulations revealed a combination of gentle, horizontal, and steep slopes in the particle distribution. The maximum particle velocity experienced a rapid increase during the initial phase, followed by a zigzag decline after reaching its peak. High-coordination number particles tended to accumulate primarily in the middle layer of steep accumulation. Additionally, the particles exhibited an inverted V-shape orientation range from 0° to 180°, suggesting their tendency to assume upright positions. This established model significantly enhanced our understanding of particle distribution following module cartridge rupture and provided valuable guidance for optimizing the design of large-caliber artillery charges.

On August 11, 2012, within several minutes, two shallow destructive earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 6.5 and 6.4 occurred in Varzagan, Azerbaijan-e-Sharghi Province, in the northwest of Iran. In this study, the Empirical Green Function (EGF) method was used for strong ground motion simulation to estimate the source parameters and rupture characteristics of the earthquakes. To simulate the first earthquake, two aftershocks with magnitudes of 5.6 and 5.2 were used as the EGFs. In the second event, an aftershock with a magnitude of 5 was used as the small event. The size of the main fault caused by the first event was about 18 km in length and 10 km in width. Also, the size of the asperity in the second earthquake was about 16 km in the strike direction and 11 km in the dip direction. The durations of the ruptures in the first and second events were more than 9 and 10s, respectively. The estimated fault plane solution showed strike-slip faulting for the first earthquake and a reverse mechanism with a strike-slip component for the second one. Strike, dip and rake of a causative fault of the first and second earthquakes were determined as 270, 81 and 175 degrees and 230, 57 and 134 degrees, respectively. In addition, the stress drop in the first and second events was calculated to be about 22 and 34 bar, respectively.

Evaluating the cutting rate (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these models are accurate enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

Introduction: rupture of intervertebral disc material into the intradural compartment is a rare event, but lumbar disc disease must be considered in differential diagnosis of mass lesion causing nerve rootor cauda-equina syndromes. Any age group with the exception of children can be affected. The neurological symptoms and findings are generally more sever than lateral  Extradural disc herniation.The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of lumbar intradural disc rupture and describeits clinical and radiological presentation.Positive mechanical findings suggesting nerve root compression or distortion are found in 75% of these patients. Radiologic evaluation of the patient with suspected intradural disc herniation is most effectively done with a combination of myelography and CT scanning. The treatment of Intradural disc herniation is surgical removal. Methods: this descriptive study is from October 1997 to September 2002, 2308 patients (mean age: 45.6 years old) with lumbar disc herniation recognized by MRI and / or myelography or CT myelogram who underwent surgery were studied. Results: mean age for this disease has been 45.6 years and males are affected more than females in a ratio of 8 to 2. Neurological findings were motoric, sensory and sphincteric disorders. The most neurological complication was dropfoot. The short time results were good.Conclusion: Lumbar intradural disc herniation must be considered in differential diagnosis of intradural mass lesions. The worse the preoperative deficit, the less likely a postoperative recovery of neurological function, therefore the "time" is very important.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by unstable plaque remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The majority of acute coronary occlusion cases are attributed primarily to either plaque rupture or plaque erosion. This study aimed to investigate the effect of unstable plaque morphology on procedural outcomes among patients presenting with ACS. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 100 patients with ACS managed by optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our tertiary center. The demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as angiographic and procedural data, of the study population were recorded. OCT was done before PCI and was repeated after PCI. The patients were thoroughly followed up for 180 days postprocedurally to detect 3 and 6 months’,adverse outcomes. Results: The study population consisted of 100 patients. Men comprised 87% of the studied patients (mean age=53. 3 y). Sixty-six patients had ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and the left anterior descending was the culprit vessel in 70% of the cases. Plaque rupture was more frequently associated with STEMI presentation, younger age, and white occlusive thrombi. Post-intervention OCT showed a mean minimum stent area of 8 mm2 and a mean stent expansion of 93. 2%. No significant difference was observed between plaque erosion and plaque rupture regarding edge dissection and tissue protrusion. The no-reflow phenomenon was encountered solely among patients with plaque rupture. Conclusions: OCT is safe and feasible in the setting of ACS. Stent malapposition could be easily missed in angiography. Plaque rupture was associated with more adverse angiographic outcomes in terms of the no-reflow phenomenon.